pam-2100——野外光合作用研究的*儀器
schreiber教授因發(fā)明pam系列調(diào)制葉綠素熒光儀而獲得首屆光合作用協(xié)會（ispr）創(chuàng)新獎

1983年，walz公司*科學家、德國烏茲堡大學的ulrich schreiber教授設(shè)計制造了**臺調(diào)制熒光儀——pam-101/102/103，使在自然光下測量葉綠素熒光成為現(xiàn)實，解決了科學界近50年的技術(shù)瓶頸。pam-101/102/103迅速在植物生理、生態(tài)、農(nóng)學、林學、水生生物學等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應用，出版了大量高水平研究文獻。但該儀器比較笨重，不易帶到野外。

1992年，walz公司*科學家、調(diào)制熒光儀發(fā)明人、德國烏茲堡大學的ulrich schreiber教授設(shè)計制造了**臺便攜式調(diào)制熒光儀——pam-2000，并且在植物生理生態(tài)學等科研領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應用，此后十幾年中成為zui的調(diào)制熒光儀。

2003年，walz公司在保留pam-2000所有功能和優(yōu)點的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合技術(shù)，將pam-2000升級到了pam-2100。

系統(tǒng)描述
pam-2100采用了*的調(diào)制技術(shù)和飽和脈沖技術(shù)，從而可以通過選擇性的原位測量葉綠素熒光來檢測植物光合作用的變化。pam-2100的調(diào)制測量光足夠低，可以只激發(fā)色素的本底熒光而不引起任何的光合作用，從而可以真實的記錄基礎(chǔ)熒光fo。pam-2100具有很強的靈敏度和選擇性，使其即使在很強的、未經(jīng)濾光片處理的環(huán)境下（如全日照甚至是10000 μmol m^-2 s^-1的飽和光強下）也可測定熒光產(chǎn)量而不受到干擾。因此，pam-2100不但適合在實驗室人工控制的環(huán)境下測量，還可以在自然環(huán)境中甚至是強烈的全光照條件下開展野外科學研究。

pam-2100是非常便攜、強大的測量系統(tǒng)，它將各種光學和電子元件組裝在一個24 cm×10.5 cm×11 cm的外殼中。測量光由655 nm的發(fā)光二極管（led）發(fā)出，可在低頻（600 hz）和高頻（20 khz）間自動切換。光化光（光合生物實際可吸收利用進行光合作用的可見光）由鹵素燈（白光）或紅光led（655 nm）提供。遠紅光（735 nm，促進光系統(tǒng)i迅速消耗掉在pq處累積的電子）由led發(fā)出。

pam-2100的按鍵操作非常簡單?；A(chǔ)測量只需單健操作。數(shù)據(jù)在內(nèi)置電腦中自動分析、存儲并且在顯示屏上顯示。除了“參數(shù)窗”外，在“動力學窗”還可顯示曲線的實時變化。

pam-2100利用光纖進行信號傳輸。光適應葉夾2030-b（產(chǎn)品）上配備微型光量子/溫度傳感器，可在記錄熒光信號的同時，同步記錄光合有效輻射（par）和溫度變化。

pam-2100內(nèi)設(shè)10個標準run（預先編好的間隔一定時間并按一定順序執(zhí)行特定命令的程序），用戶只需一次按鍵就可進行復雜的實驗。用戶還可對這些標準run進行編輯得到自己的user-run（數(shù)量不限），來滿足特殊的實驗需要。
pam-2100主機可以直接連接電腦（圓口）鍵盤，在野外現(xiàn)場，可以根據(jù)實驗需要，不需電腦就可以進行特殊程序的編輯。

pam-2100還可以設(shè)定單機操作軟件da-2100自動間隔一定時間執(zhí)行某個run或user-run，而run是可以無限擴展的，因此，可以說pam-2100的功能幾乎可以無限擴展。只要將主機和葉夾（均可固定在三角架上）固定好，按一次按鍵，（人不在現(xiàn)場看守）儀器可以自動進行非常復雜的測量過程。

此外，pam-2100主機還可以連接電腦顯示器或投影儀放大顯示，非常適合進行教學使用。

特點
1） 聲譽*的pam-2000的升級版
2） 精巧、準確、迅速、操作簡便的高級光合作用檢測設(shè)備
3） 可單機操作（采用內(nèi)置電腦，da-2100軟件記錄），可連接外置電腦操作（windows操作軟件pamwin）
4） 便攜式設(shè)計，帶大屏幕液晶顯示屏（可顯示曲線變化）和20個按鍵
5） 強大的數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析和存貯功能
6） 可以預先編寫和設(shè)定程序，進行特殊研究目的測量
7） 內(nèi)置鋰電池可滿足長時間野外工作需要，并可連接外置12 v電池
8） 多種葉夾可供選擇，設(shè)計的光適應葉夾2030-b可同時記錄par和溫度變化
9） 光源選擇：自然光，內(nèi)置光源（提供測量光、光化光、飽和脈沖和遠紅光），可選外置鹵素燈光源（特別適合野外研究）

功能
1） 可測熒光誘導曲線的快速上升動力學o-i-d-p相和o-j-i-p相
2） 可測熒光誘導曲線的慢速下降動力學并進行淬滅分析（fo, fm, fv/fm, f, fm, fo’, df/fm’, qp, qn, npq, retr等）
3） 可測光響應曲線和快速光曲線（rlc）
4） 儀器內(nèi)置一系列標準實驗（run1～run10），用戶可對其進行編輯建立自己的user-run
5） 可在線檢測植物、微藻、地衣、苔蘚等的光合作用變化
6） 單機操作功能強大，特別適合野外操作，實驗室內(nèi)單機操作時可連接電腦顯示器或投影儀放大顯示

應用領(lǐng)域
儀器設(shè)計特別適合野外使用，可用于研究光合作用機理、各種環(huán)境因子（光、溫、營養(yǎng)等）對植物生理狀態(tài)的影響、植物抗逆性（干旱、冷、熱、澇、uv、病毒、污染、重金屬等）、植物的長期生態(tài)學變化等。在植物生理學、植物生態(tài)學、植物病理學、農(nóng)學、林學、園藝學、水生生物學、環(huán)境科學、毒理學、微藻生物技術(shù)、極地植物光合作用研究等領(lǐng)域有著廣泛應用。

10個標準run
run 1：測量實際量子產(chǎn)量yield（δf/fm’）
run 2：測量zui大量子產(chǎn)量fv/fm
run 3：記錄誘導曲線并進行淬滅分析（采點率10 ms/點）
run 4：記錄誘導曲線并進行淬滅分析（采點率30 ms/點）
run 5：qn 的馳豫動力學
run 6：快速誘導動力學o-i-d-p相（線性時間）
run 7：快速誘導動力學o-j-i-p相（對數(shù)時間）
run 8：光響應曲線（需76 min）（稍加編輯即可測量快速光曲線）
run 9：光響應曲線（需33 min）（稍加編輯即可測量快速光曲線）
run 10：儀器自檢

用戶可根據(jù)實驗需要，自行修改或編制程序；如需幫助，請！

無限擴展的編程功能，單機操作功能更加強大?。?！

單機操作時記錄的熒光誘導曲線加淬滅分析、以及相關(guān)熒光參數(shù)的變化

單機操作時記錄的快速熒光誘導動力學曲線

技術(shù)參數(shù)
測量光：紅色發(fā)光二極管（led），650 nm，標準強度0.1 μmol m^-2 s^-1 par；調(diào)制頻率0.6或20 khz，自動轉(zhuǎn)換。
光化光：
? 紅色led，665 nm，zui大連續(xù)光強600 μmol m^-2 s^-1 par
? 鹵素燈，8v/20w，zui大連續(xù)光強8500 μmol m^-2 s^-1 par
飽和脈沖：鹵素燈，8v/20w，zui大飽和閃光強度μmol m^-2 s^-1 par。
遠紅光：led，730 nm，zui大強度15 w m-2。
信號檢測：pin-光電二極管，帶短波截止濾光片（λ>710 nm）；選擇性鎖相放大器（設(shè)計）。
數(shù)據(jù)存儲：128 mb
測量參數(shù)：fo, fm, fm’, f, fo’, fv/fm（max. yield）, δf/fm’（yield）, qp, qn, npq, etr, par和葉溫等。

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